脚本报错：
脚本代码：
报错原因：
因为默认情况下，Python采用的是ascii编码方式，如下所示：
◄► python -c "import sys; print sys.getdefaultencoding()"ascii◄►
而Python在进行编码方式之间的转换时，会将 unicode 作为“中间编码”，但 unicode 最大只有 128 那么长，所以这里当尝试将 ascii 编码字符串转换成"中间编码" unicode 时由于超出了其范围，就报出了如上错误。
解决方法：
解决方案：
1）第一种：这里我们将Python的默认编码方式修改为utf-8，就可以规避上述问题的发生，具体方式，我们在Python文件的前面加上如下代码：
import sysdefaultencoding = 'utf-8'if sys.getdefaultencoding() != defaultencoding: reload(sys) sys.setdefaultencoding(defaultencoding)
2）第二种：我们在/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/目录下添加一个sitecustomize.py文件，内容如下：
import syssys.setdefaultencoding('utf-8') 这种方式可以解决所有项目的encoding问题，具体说明可参考/usr/lib/python2.7/site.py文件：
"""Append module search paths for third-party packages to sys.path.***************************************************************** This module is automatically imported during initialization. *****************************************************************In earlier versions of Python (up to 1.5a3), scripts or modules thatneeded to use site-specific modules would place ``import site''somewhere near the top of their code. Because of the automaticimport, this is no longer necessary (but code that does it stillworks).This will append site-specific paths to the module search path. OnUnix (including Mac OSX), it starts with sys.prefix andsys.exec_prefix (if different) and appendslib/python/site-packages as well as lib/site-python.On other platforms (such as Windows), it tries each of theprefixes directly, as well as with lib/site-packages appended. Theresulting directories, if they exist, are appended to sys.path, andalso inspected for path configuration files.For Debian and derivatives, this sys.path is augmented with directoriesfor packages distributed within the distribution. Local addons gointo /usr/local/lib/python /dist-packages, Debian addonsinstall into /usr/{lib,share}/python /dist-packages./usr/lib/python /site-packages is not used.A path configuration file is a file whose name has the form .pth; its contents are additional directories (one per line)to be added to sys.path. Non-existing directories (ornon-directories) are never added to sys.path; no directory is added tosys.path more than once. Blank lines and lines beginning with'#' are skipped. Lines starting with 'import' are executed.For example, suppose sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix are set to/usr/local and there is a directory /usr/local/lib/python2.5/site-packageswith three subdirectories, foo, bar and spam, and two pathconfiguration files, foo.pth and bar.pth. Assume foo.pth contains thefollowing: # foo package configuration foo bar bletchand bar.pth contains: # bar package configuration barThen the following directories are added to sys.path, in this order: /usr/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/bar /usr/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/fooNote that bletch is omitted because it doesn't exist; bar precedes foobecause bar.pth comes alphabetically before foo.pth; and spam isomitted because it is not mentioned in either path configuration file.After these path manipulations, an attempt is made to import a modulenamed sitecustomize, which can perform arbitrary additionalsite-specific customizations. If this import fails with anImportError exception, it is silently ignored."""import sysimport osimport __builtin__import traceback# Prefixes for site-packages; add additional prefixes like /usr/local herePREFIXES = [sys.prefix, sys.exec_prefix]# Enable per user site-packages directory# set it to False to disable the feature or True to force the featureENABLE_USER_SITE = None# for distutils.commands.install# These values are initialized by the getuserbase() and getusersitepackages()# functions, through the main() function when Python starts.USER_SITE = NoneUSER_BASE = Nonedef makepath(*paths): dir = os.path.join(*paths) try: dir = os.path.abspath(dir) except OSError: pass return dir, os.path.normcase(dir)def abs__file__(): """Set all module' __file__ attribute to an absolute path""" for m in sys.modules.values(): if hasattr(m, '__loader__'): continue # don't mess with a PEP 302-supplied __file__ try: m.__file__ = os.path.abspath(m.__file__) except (AttributeError, OSError): passdef removeduppaths(): """ Remove duplicate entries from sys.path along with making them absolute""" # This ensures that the initial path provided by the interpreter contains # only absolute pathnames, even if we're running from the build directory. L = [] known_paths = set() for dir in sys.path: # Filter out duplicate paths (on case-insensitive file systems also # if they only differ in case); turn relative paths into absolute # paths. dir, dircase = makepath(dir) if not dircase in known_paths: L.append(dir) known_paths.add(dircase) sys.path[:] = L return known_pathsdef _init_pathinfo(): """Return a set containing all existing directory entries from sys.path""" d = set() for dir in sys.path: try: if os.path.isdir(dir): dir, dircase = makepath(dir) d.add(dircase) except TypeError: continue return ddef addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths): """Process a .pth file within the site-packages directory: For each line in the file, either combine it with sitedir to a path and add that to known_paths, or execute it if it starts with 'import '. """ if known_paths is None: _init_pathinfo() reset = 1 else: reset = 0 fullname = os.path.join(sitedir, name) try: f = open(fullname, "rU") except IOError: return with f: for n, line in enumerate(f): if line.startswith("#"): continue try: if line.startswith(("import ", "import\t")): exec line continue line = line.rstrip() dir, dircase = makepath(sitedir, line) if not dircase in known_paths and os.path.exists(dir): sys.path.append(dir) known_paths.add(dircase) except Exception as err: print >>sys.stderr, "Error processing line {:d} of {}:\n".format( n+1, fullname) for record in traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()): for line in record.splitlines(): print >>sys.stderr, ' '+line print >>sys.stderr, "\nRemainder of file ignored" break if reset: known_paths = None return known_pathsdef addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths=None): """Add 'sitedir' argument to sys.path if missing and handle .pth files in 'sitedir'""" if known_paths is None: known_paths = _init_pathinfo() reset = 1 else: reset = 0 sitedir, sitedircase = makepath(sitedir) if not sitedircase in known_paths: sys.path.append(sitedir) # Add path component try: names = os.listdir(sitedir) except os.error: return dotpth = os.extsep + "pth" names = [name for name in names if name.endswith(dotpth)] for name in sorted(names): addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths) if reset: known_paths = None return known_pathsdef check_enableusersite(): """Check if user site directory is safe for inclusion The function tests for the command line flag (including environment var), process uid/gid equal to effective uid/gid. None: Disabled for security reasons False: Disabled by user (command line option) True: Safe and enabled """ if sys.flags.no_user_site: return False if hasattr(os, "getuid") and hasattr(os, "geteuid"): # check process uid == effective uid if os.geteuid() != os.getuid(): return None if hasattr(os, "getgid") and hasattr(os, "getegid"): # check process gid == effective gid if os.getegid() != os.getgid(): return None return Truedef getuserbase(): """Returns the `user base` directory path. The `user base` directory can be used to store data. If the global variable ``USER_BASE`` is not initialized yet, this function will also set it. """ global USER_BASE if USER_BASE is not None: return USER_BASE from sysconfig import get_config_var USER_BASE = get_config_var('userbase') return USER_BASEdef getusersitepackages(): """Returns the user-specific site-packages directory path. If the global variable ``USER_SITE`` is not initialized yet, this function will also set it. """ global USER_SITE user_base = getuserbase() # this will also set USER_BASE if USER_SITE is not None: return USER_SITE from sysconfig import get_path import os if sys.platform == 'darwin': from sysconfig import get_config_var if get_config_var('PYTHONFRAMEWORK'): USER_SITE = get_path('purelib', 'osx_framework_user') return USER_SITE USER_SITE = get_path('purelib', '%s_user' % os.name) return USER_SITEdef addusersitepackages(known_paths): """Add a per user site-package to sys.path Each user has its own python directory with site-packages in the home directory. """ # get the per user site-package path # this call will also make sure USER_BASE and USER_SITE are set user_site = getusersitepackages() if ENABLE_USER_SITE and os.path.isdir(user_site): addsitedir(user_site, known_paths) if ENABLE_USER_SITE: for dist_libdir in ("local/lib", "lib"): user_site = os.path.join(USER_BASE, dist_libdir, "python" + sys.version[:3], "dist-packages") if os.path.isdir(user_site): addsitedir(user_site, known_paths) return known_pathsdef getsitepackages(): """Returns a list containing all global site-packages directories (and possibly site-python). For each directory present in the global ``PREFIXES``, this function will find its `site-packages` subdirectory depending on the system environment, and will return a list of full paths. """ sitepackages = [] seen = set() for prefix in PREFIXES: if not prefix or prefix in seen: continue seen.add(prefix) if sys.platform in ('os2emx', 'riscos'): sitepackages.append(os.path.join(prefix, "Lib", "site-packages")) elif os.sep == '/': sitepackages.append(os.path.join(prefix, "local/lib", "python" + sys.version[:3], "dist-packages")) sitepackages.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "python" + sys.version[:3], "dist-packages")) else: sitepackages.append(prefix) sitepackages.append(os.path.join(prefix, "lib", "site-packages")) if sys.platform == "darwin": # for framework builds *only* we add the standard Apple # locations. from sysconfig import get_config_var framework = get_config_var("PYTHONFRAMEWORK") if framework: sitepackages.append( os.path.join("/Library", framework, sys.version[:3], "site-packages")) return sitepackagesdef addsitepackages(known_paths): """Add site-packages (and possibly site-python) to sys.path""" for sitedir in getsitepackages(): if os.path.isdir(sitedir): addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths) return known_pathsdef setBEGINLIBPATH(): """The OS/2 EMX port has optional extension modules that do double duty as DLLs (and must use the .DLL file extension) for other extensions. The library search path needs to be amended so these will be found during module import. Use BEGINLIBPATH so that these are at the start of the library search path. """ dllpath = os.path.join(sys.prefix, "Lib", "lib-dynload") libpath = os.environ['BEGINLIBPATH'].split(';') if libpath[-1]: libpath.append(dllpath) else: libpath[-1] = dllpath os.environ['BEGINLIBPATH'] = ';'.join(libpath)def setquit(): """Define new builtins 'quit' and 'exit'. These are objects which make the interpreter exit when called. The repr of each object contains a hint at how it works. """ if os.sep == ':': eof = 'Cmd-Q' elif os.sep == '\\': eof = 'Ctrl-Z plus Return' else: eof = 'Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF)' class Quitter(object): def __init__(self, name): self.name = name def __repr__(self): return 'Use %s() or %s to exit' % (self.name, eof) def __call__(self, code=None): # Shells like IDLE catch the SystemExit, but listen when their # stdin wrapper is closed. try: sys.stdin.close() except: pass raise SystemExit(code) __builtin__.quit = Quitter('quit') __builtin__.exit = Quitter('exit')class _Printer(object): """interactive prompt objects for printing the license text, a list of contributors and the copyright notice.""" MAXLINES = 23 def __init__(self, name, data, files=(), dirs=()): self.__name = name self.__data = data self.__files = files self.__dirs = dirs self.__lines = None def __setup(self): if self.__lines: return data = None for dir in self.__dirs: for filename in self.__files: filename = os.path.join(dir, filename) try: fp = file(filename, "rU") data = fp.read() fp.close() break except IOError: pass if data: break if not data: data = self.__data self.__lines = data.split('\n') self.__linecnt = len(self.__lines) def __repr__(self): self.__setup() if len(self.__lines) <= self.MAXLINES: return "\n".join(self.__lines) else: return "Type %s() to see the full %s text" % ((self.__name,)*2) def __call__(self): self.__setup() prompt = 'Hit Return for more, or q (and Return) to quit: ' lineno = 0 while 1: try: for i in range(lineno, lineno + self.MAXLINES): print self.__lines[i] except IndexError: break else: lineno += self.MAXLINES key = None while key is None: key = raw_input(prompt) if key not in ('', 'q'): key = None if key == 'q': breakdef setcopyright(): """Set 'copyright' and 'credits' in __builtin__""" __builtin__.copyright = _Printer("copyright", sys.copyright) if sys.platform[:4] == 'java': __builtin__.credits = _Printer( "credits", "Jython is maintained by the Jython developers (www.jython.org).") else: __builtin__.credits = _Printer("credits", """\ Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands for supporting Python development. See www.python.org for more information.""") here = os.path.dirname(os.__file__) __builtin__.license = _Printer( "license", "See https://www.python.org/psf/license/", ["LICENSE.txt", "LICENSE"], [os.path.join(here, os.pardir), here, os.curdir])class _Helper(object): """Define the builtin 'help'. This is a wrapper around pydoc.help (with a twist). """ def __repr__(self): return "Type help() for interactive help, " \ "or help(object) for help about object." def __call__(self, *args, **kwds): import pydoc return pydoc.help(*args, **kwds)def sethelper(): __builtin__.help = _Helper()def aliasmbcs(): """On Windows, some default encodings are not provided by Python, while they are always available as "mbcs" in each locale. Make them usable by aliasing to "mbcs" in such a case.""" if sys.platform == 'win32': import locale, codecs enc = locale.getdefaultlocale()[1] if enc.startswith('cp'): # "cp***" ? try: codecs.lookup(enc) except LookupError: import encodings encodings._cache[enc] = encodings._unknown encodings.aliases.aliases[enc] = 'mbcs'def setencoding(): """Set the string encoding used by the Unicode implementation. The default is 'ascii', but if you're willing to experiment, you can change this.""" encoding = "ascii" # Default value set by _PyUnicode_Init() if 0: # Enable to support locale aware default string encodings. import locale loc = locale.getdefaultlocale() if loc[1]: encoding = loc[1] if 0: # Enable to switch off string to Unicode coercion and implicit # Unicode to string conversion. encoding = "undefined" if encoding != "ascii": # On Non-Unicode builds this will raise an AttributeError... sys.setdefaultencoding(encoding) # Needs Python Unicode build !def execsitecustomize(): """Run custom site specific code, if available.""" try: import sitecustomize except ImportError: pass except Exception: if sys.flags.verbose: sys.excepthook(*sys.exc_info()) else: print >>sys.stderr, \ "'import sitecustomize' failed; use -v for traceback"def execusercustomize(): """Run custom user specific code, if available.""" try: import usercustomize except ImportError: pass except Exception: if sys.flags.verbose: sys.excepthook(*sys.exc_info()) else: print>>sys.stderr, \ "'import usercustomize' failed; use -v for traceback"def main(): global ENABLE_USER_SITE abs__file__() known_paths = removeduppaths() if ENABLE_USER_SITE is None: ENABLE_USER_SITE = check_enableusersite() known_paths = addusersitepackages(known_paths) known_paths = addsitepackages(known_paths) if sys.platform == 'os2emx': setBEGINLIBPATH() setquit() setcopyright() sethelper() aliasmbcs() setencoding() execsitecustomize() if ENABLE_USER_SITE: execusercustomize() # Remove sys.setdefaultencoding() so that users cannot change the # encoding after initialization. The test for presence is needed when # this module is run as a script, because this code is executed twice. if hasattr(sys, "setdefaultencoding"): del sys.setdefaultencodingmain()def _script(): help = """\ %s [--user-base] [--user-site] Without arguments print some useful information With arguments print the value of USER_BASE and/or USER_SITE separated by '%s'. Exit codes with --user-base or --user-site: 0 - user site directory is enabled 1 - user site directory is disabled by user 2 - uses site directory is disabled by super user or for security reasons >2 - unknown error """ args = sys.argv[1:] if not args: print "sys.path = [" for dir in sys.path: print " %r," % (dir,) print "]" print "USER_BASE: %r (%s)" % (USER_BASE, "exists" if os.path.isdir(USER_BASE) else "doesn't exist") print "USER_SITE: %r (%s)" % (USER_SITE, "exists" if os.path.isdir(USER_SITE) else "doesn't exist") print "ENABLE_USER_SITE: %r" % ENABLE_USER_SITE sys.exit(0) buffer = [] if '--user-base' in args: buffer.append(USER_BASE) if '--user-site' in args: buffer.append(USER_SITE) if buffer: print os.pathsep.join(buffer) if ENABLE_USER_SITE: sys.exit(0) elif ENABLE_USER_SITE is False: sys.exit(1) elif ENABLE_USER_SITE is None: sys.exit(2) else: sys.exit(3) else: import textwrap print textwrap.dedent(help % (sys.argv[0], os.pathsep)) sys.exit(10)if __name__ == '__main__': _script()